Brewing Emerging Market Debt Crises
Brewing Emerging Market Debt Crises
The U.S. dollar has risen to 20-year highs and its rate of change has historically been a crisis warning sign. Japanese yen and euro currencies are acting like emerging market currencies.
DXY Annual Change Signals Crises Unfolding
In today’s issue, we will be diving into the dynamics of the foreign exchange market, with a return to a key focus of ours over recent months, the dollar wrecking ball.
Currently, the global economy is hit with a max pain scenario of:
Rising interest rates
Decelerating and eventually contracting growth
Rising commodity prices
For later reference, two prior issues:
February 23, 2022 - What The Hell Is Going On With Financial Markets?
March 7, 2022 - Rising Commodities And Flattening Yield Curve
As the Federal Reserve, who holds sole control over the monetary policy of the world reserve currency, continues to tighten monetary policy of the U.S. dollar, the global economy has begun to break as a result, being hit with a strong dollar and soaring commodity prices in tandem.
We can look to the U.S Dollar Index (DXY), which measures a weighted basket of fiat currencies against the dollar, which has soared to two-decade highs. While the two-decade high is quite alarming in absolute terms, key insight can be derived from looking at the year-over-year rate of change in the index.
Nearly every rise in the DXY of the current magnitude in year-over-year percentage terms has marked significant recessions, asset bubbles and major debt crises over the last three decades. The original Morgan Stanley research chart here highlights all of the major events including the junk bond recession in 1989, housing bubble peak in 2005, and the sovereign debt crisis in 2012 as a few examples. The latest rise in DXY of 16.63% over the last year brings the index to its highest levels since the 2000 tech bubble and fastest rate of change since 2015.
Comparing the DXY year-over-year change with bitcoin, we can see clearly the market periods throughout bitcoin’s history that coincide with rising and falling dollar strength.
So while the adoption of bitcoin and cryptocurrency more broadly has its own native adoption curve, the cyclical bubbles and busts can be thought to be both enabled and then subsequently crashed by the ebbs and flows of central bank monetary policy dovishness and hawkishness.
Turning our attention to Japan and Europe, both the Japanese yen and euro are behaving like emerging market currencies. The two majors have lost more in value against the dollar over the last year than the FXMC emerging markets index basket consisting of the Chinese yuan, Mexican peso, South African rand and Turkish lira. Of the equally-weighted basket, the yuan and peso have lost 3.5% and 3.8% respectively over the last year while the rand has lost 15.7% and the lira has fallen nearly 50%.
Many currencies outside of this index have also been rapidly losing value against the U.S. dollar; the Argentine peso, Colombian peso, and Chilean peso are some of the latest examples of the devalued currencies trend happening around the world, to name a few.
The structural imbalance with the euro and the yen are due to both the EU and Japan being large importers of energy, while their central banks, the ECB and the BoJ respectively, continue to aggressively debase their currency with various forms of yield curve control.
The irony is that the world’s second and third largest currencies are not in fact emerging markets, but rather developed economies that now have a massive shortage of energy and real commodities that cannot be solved with a central bank money printer. The currencies are collapsing as a result of this imbalance.
Incoming Emerging Market Debt Defaults
Turning our attention to actual emerging markets, according to Bloomberg, there is nearly a quarter trillion dollars worth of emerging market debt that is trading in distress accounting for approximately 17% of all emerging market debt denominated in dollars, euros or yen.
As bitcoin/cryptocurrency natives know all too well in recent months, the default of one counterparty is only isolated in theory, and in practice the second/third order effects are seemingly impossible to know beforehand.
Quoting Bloomberg’s piece,
“And as crises have shown over and over again in recent decades, the financial collapse of one government can create a domino effect — known as contagion in market parlance — as skittish traders yank money out of countries with similar economic problems and, in so doing, accelerate their crash. The worst of those crises was the Latin American debt debacle of the 1980s. The current moment, emerging-market watchers say, bears a certain resemblance. Like then, the Federal Reserve is suddenly ratcheting up interest rates at a rapid-fire clip in a bid to curb inflation, sparking a surge in the value of the dollar that is making it difficult for developing nations to service their foreign bonds.”
Shown below is the value of a Morgan Stanley Emerging Markets Debt Fund ETF (MSD), which has rolled over and is headed for Great Financial Crisis lows.
Bitcoin darling El Salvador is ranked first in a Bloomberg Sovereign Debt Vulnerability Ranking, with the bonds due in January of 2025 trading at 33.626 in extremely distressed territory, with a current yield to maturity of 59.72%.
While the purpose of highlighting this isn't meant to pick on El Salvador, who has adopted bitcoin as legal tender and is the least creditworthy emerging market, but rather to highlight the extent to which a strong dollar imposes its will on smaller nations, particularly those with dollar-denominated liabilities.
In regards to El Salvador’s bitcoin adoption, the nation has only purchased $38 million worth of bitcoin, and given citizens the option to use either BTC or USD as a tax-free legal tender, which is a pittance compared to the $800 million worth of dollar debt owed on its bonds in 2025.
The key thing to understand is that in a debt-based monetary system, a debt crisis is essentially a short squeeze. Specifically in regards to the dollar, despite the gigantic amount of stimulus supplied throughout 2020 into 2021, a structural shortage of dollars exists due to the construction of the international monetary order.
There may have been and may still be a surplus of dollars, but the massive implicit short position around the world creates a supply/demand imbalance; a shortage of dollars. The response is that dollar-denominated assets are sold to cover positions on dollar liabilities, which creates a feedback loop of falling asset prices, declining liquidity, debtor creditworthiness, and increasing economic weakness.
Bitcoin is absolutely scarce but has no structural shortage built into the system. During a credit unwind, bitcoin sells off as people rush for dollars to cover their short positions (debts).
To quote our March 7 issue,
“It would be wise to warn our readers that despite being extremely bullish on bitcoin’s prospects over the long term, the current macroeconomic outlooks looks extremely weak. Any excessive leverage present in your portfolio should be evaluated.
“Bitcoin in your cold storage is perfectly safe while mark-to-market leverage is not. For willing and patient accumulators of bitcoin, the current and potential future price action should be viewed as a massive opportunity.
“If a liquidity crisis is to play out, indiscriminate selling of bitcoin will occur (along with every other asset) in a rush to dollars. What is occurring during this time is essentially a short squeeze of dollars.
“The response will be a deflationary cascade across financial markets and global recession if this is to unfold.”
Final Note
The contagion that has occurred in recent months in cryptocurrency markets may have been just a taste of what is to come next in traditional financial markets. Despite bitcoin being nearly 70% from its all-time highs, bitcoin is currently treated as a high beta asset to legacy market liquidity dynamics, and if the worst is yet to come in regards to deleveraging and further volatility in the traditional markets, bitcoin does not exist in a vacuum. It will be subject to the global flight to dollars during a major risk-off event.
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Brewing Emerging Market Debt Crises
Great note. You also have high duration (interest rate sensitivity) with EMD, which has been another massive headwind to the asset class YTD. Good Odd Lots podcast from June 27th on challenges in EMD (with Jay Newman) if people are interested.
Great stuff! Buckle up